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ASTHMA:- Asthma is a disorder that causes the airways of the lungs to swell and narrow, leading to wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Causes, incidence, and risk factors:- Asthma is caused by inflammation in the airways. When an asthma attack occurs, the muscles surrounding the airways become tight and the lining of the air passages swells. This reduces the amount of air that can pass by. In sensitive people, asthma symptoms can be triggered by breathing in allergy-causing substances (called allergens or triggers). Common asthma triggers include: Animals (pet hair or dander) Dust Changes in weather (most often cold weather) Chemicals in the air or in food Exercise Mold Pollen Respiratory infections, such as the common cold Strong emotions (stress) Tobacco smoke Aspirin  and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) provoke asthma in some patients. Many people with asthma have a personal or family history of  allergies , such as hay fever (a...

Sciatica is pain in the lower extremity resulting from irritation of the  sciatic nerve . The pain of sciatica is typically felt from the low back  (lumbar area) to behind the thigh and radiating down below the knee. The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body and begins from nerve roots in the lumbar  spinal cord  in the low back and extends through the buttock area to send nerve endings down the lower limb. The pain of sciatica is sometimes referred to as sciatic nerve pain.   What are causes of sciatica? While sciatica is most commonly a result of a lumbar  disc herniation  directly pressing on the nerve, any cause of irritation or inflammation of the sciatic nerve can reproduce the symptoms of sciatica. This irritation of nerves as a result of an abnormal intervertebral disc is referred to as  radiculopathy . Aside from a  pinched nerve  from a disc, other causes of sciatica include irritation of the nerve from adjacent bone,...

Hemorrhoids   or  haemorrhoids are  vascular  structures in the  anal canal  which help with stool control. They become pathological  or  piles  when  swollen  or  inflamed . In their physiological state they act as a cushion composed of arterio-venous channels and  connective tissue  that aid the passage of stool. The symptoms of pathological hemorrhoids depend on the type present. Internal hemorrhoids usually present with painless  rectal bleeding  while external hemorrhoids present with pain in the area of the  anus . Recommended treatment consists of increasing  fiber  intake, oral fluids to maintain hydration,  NSAID   analgesics ,  sitz baths , and rest. Surgery is reserved for those who fail to improve following these measures. CAUSES AND TYPES:- Piles and their symptoms, which are one of the most common afflictions in the Western world, are also seen commonly i...